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Remembering the 1945 Makran Tsunami on its 70th Anniversary, 28 November 2015

A magnitude 8.1 earthquake on the morning of 28 November 1945 generated a devastating tsunami that resulted in a loss of life of up to 4,000 people in Pakistan. Archival research has revealed at least five tsunami events in the Makran coastal region from a variety of sources, including earthquakes and landslides. 

1945 Makran final

Recognising the hazard posed by the Makran subduction zone, the countries of the northwest Indian Ocean region, namely, India, Iran, Oman and Pakistan, are organising special events to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Makran Tsunami on 28 November 2015.                        Front Cover of the Daily Gazette, Karachi: Thursday, 29 November 1945

•  The Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) is organising an exhibition event at their offices in Hyderabad, India.

•  The Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS) is organising an exhibition event and meeting, inviting universities, research institutes and other organisations as well as the UNESCO Tehran Cluster office and Disaster Management Organisation.

•  The Directorate General of Meteorology (DGMET) of Oman is organising an exhibition event during the first week of December.

•  UNESCO Office Islamabad, Oxfam GB, NED University, UNDP, National Disaster Management Authority, and Pakistan Meteorological Department are organising an International Conference: “A Step towards Tsunami Resilience” -  Commemorating 70th Anniversary of 1945 Makran Tsunami and exhibition in Karachi. 

As the memory of the 1945 Makran tsunami fades with the passing of generations, these commemorative events are important to maintain public awareness of the risk of tsunamis in the region. IOC UNESCO has supported the raising of awareness of the Makran hazard through:

•  Conducting the project “Communicating the effects of the 1945 Makran tsunami to increase awareness and preparedness of tsunami hazards in the Makran region” with the support of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific (UNESCAP). IOC UNESCO published a booklet on remembering the 1945 Makran Tsunami documenting stories of eye-witness accounts of the 1945 tsunami. The booklet is available in Farsi, Urdu, Arabic as well as English. Further information about the results of this project is available on the Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Centre (IOTIC) website: iotic.ioc-unesco.org/1945makrantsunami/.

•  Developing and producing the 1945 Makran Tsunami Exhibition panels in Urdu, Farsi, Arabic and English languages with the support of the IOC UNESCO Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Centre (IOTIC).

•  Support UNESCO Islamabad Office in developing awareness rising video to remember the 1945 Makran Tsunami to be aired in Pakistan Televisions in relation to the 70th year commemoration of the 1945 Makran Tsunami.

 

Twelfth Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Connected Seas (ICG/NEAMTWS-XII)

The Twelfth Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas (ICG/NEAMTWS) was hosted by the Geological Survey of Ireland from 1618 November 2015, Dublin.


ICG NEAMTWS 12

Participants of the ICG NEAMTWS-XII, Dublin, Ireland, Source: IOC-UNESCO

While tsunamis are less frequent in the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas than in the Pacific and Indian Ocean, the risk of loss of lives and economic disaster in the region is high due to strong population density and infrastructure development along its coasts. The ICG/NEAMTWS was established by Assembly of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) at its twenty-third session in 2005 by Resolution XXIII-14, with the mandate to coordinate the establishment of a tsunami early warning system for the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas.

Participants reviewed and affirmed the steady progress made in the implementation of the NEAMTWS since its initiation in 2005, particularly the progress achieved by the four Candidate Tsunami Service Providers (CTSPs) in France, Greece, Italy and Turkey. Greece informed ICG/NEAMTWS that its National Observatory of Athens (which acts as a Candidate Tsunami Service Provider) has applied for accreditation. The intention was expressed by France, Italy and Turkey for their respective CTSPs to also apply for accreditation in the next intersessional period.

The Group reviewed the NEAMWave 14 exercise which was conducted from 28-30 October 2014 and its contribution to the implementation of the tsunami warning system for the NEAM region by testing the system in both its up-stream, i.e. tsunami detection, and tsunami alert message delivery, and its down-stream, i.e. the reaction and response components. NEAMWave14, saw a significant increase in the participation of Civil Protection Authorities as compared to NEAMWave 12.

Following the success of the second tsunami exercise for the region, a full-scale exercise named NEAMWave17 is planned in 2017 to test the tsunami readiness of the system and of the Member States.

ICG/NEAMTWS also decided to start conducting quarterly Extended Communication Test Exercises based on a scenario event and encourages Member State Civil Protection Authorities to be involved.

ICG/NEAMTWS recognized the need to continue to exchange information with ICG of the Caribbean Tsunami Early Warning System (ICG/CARIBE-EWS).

The twelfth session of ICG/NEAMTWS was attended by 46 participants from 16 member states and one observer organisation. New officers of ICG/NEAMTWS were elected - Professor Ahmet Yalciner (Turkey) as chair and Dr Anna von Gyldenfeldt (Germany) and Dr Stefano Lorito (Italy) as vice chairs.

The Government of Romania through its National Institute for Earth Physics offered to host the thirteenth session of ICG/NEAMTWS in Bucharest from 26-28 September 2016.

Workshops on Post-IOWave14 Exercise Assessment and Standard Operating Procedures for Tsunami Warning and Emergency Response for India Ocean Countries

ICG/IOTWMS regional training workshops on post-IOWave14 exercise assessment and standard operating procedures (SOPs) were held in Hyderabad, India, 6-10 November 2015, hosted by the Government of India through the Indian Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS).  The workshops were attended by twenty-five participants from ten countries, namely: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kenya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Myanmar, Seychelles and Tanzania.  The workshops were conducted by a team of seven trainers from Australia, India, Indonesia, the Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center and IOC UNESCO.

SOP Hyderabad Nov15

The workshops targeted Indian Ocean countries that intend to participate down to community level including public evacuations in the IOWave16 exercise, which is scheduled for September 2016.  The main objective of the workshops was to develop and integrate SOPs between National Tsunami Warning Centres (NTWCs), National Disaster Management Organisations (NDMOs) and Local Disaster Management Organisations (LDMOs). 

The workshop programme included lecture sessions, breakout group work, a tabletop simulation exercise and a site visit to INCOIS, one of the three ICG/IOTWMS Regional Service Providers.  Lectures and training material were based on manuals and templates developed by IOC UNESCO in collaboration with the NOAA International Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC) since 2008. 

The workshops were followed by ICG/IOTWMS intersessional meetings of its Working Group 2 on Tsunami Detection, Warning and Dissemination and the IOWave16 Task Team on 12-13 November 2015.  

 

Revised Guidelines on Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation for the Indian Ocean

The revised Guidelines on “Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation for the Indian Ocean; knowing your tsunami risk – and what to do about it” have been published by IOC UNESCO.  The Guidelines are the 2nd edition of IOC Manuals and Guides No. 52, which was first published in 2009.  They have been compiled by an international group of tsunami experts with the benefit of new published and unpublished information. 

TRATE combined guidelines

The Guidelines have been prepared as an activity of ICG/IOTMWS Working Group 1 on Tsunami Risk, Community Awareness and Preparedness as part of a project entitled: “Enhancing Tsunami Risk Assessment and Management, Strengthening Policy Support and Developing Guidelines for Tsunami Exercises in Indian Ocean Countries” for which IOC UNESCO secured funding from the UNESCAP Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness in India Ocean and South East Asia Countries.  Reports from this project, including the revised Guidelines, are available for download at: http://www.ioc-tsunami.org/trate_reports.

New material includes a chapter reviewing the current and recent initiatives in institutional risk assessment and management with in a disaster risk reduction (DRR) framework and a chapter addressing the rationale and key steps to be followed in the sequence of risk assessment and risk reduction procedures.  There is a new chapter on case studies, which provides summary accounts of strengths and weaknesses in the delivery of early warning for the major tsunami events in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean regions since the beginning of 2004.   Additionally, there is a new chapter on tools and/or methods associated with tsunami propagation models, post-event surveys, integrating inundation models into land use planning, risk-based land use planning, and community-based disaster risk management.

 

Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System Factsheets

This year (2015) marks the 50th anniversary of the Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (PTWS) and the 10th anniversaries of the Caribbean (CARIBE-EWS), Indian Ocean (IOTWS), and North-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (NEAMTWS) Tsunami Warning and Mitigation Systems. The latter three systems were established in response to the catastrophic Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004, which resulted in the loss of over 230,000 lives and the displacement of over 1.6 million people around the Indian Ocean. In order to capture the current state of these systems and recognise the advancements in end-to-end tsunami warning over the last decade, IOC-UNESCO has published factsheets on the CARIBE-EWS, IOTWS, NEAMTWS, and PTWS.

 

The factsheets detail the substantial advancements there have been in the four systems since they were established, including the deployment status of earthquake and sea-level networks, the active investments of Member States in establising National Tsunami Warning Centres, and their participation in the coordination of meetings and exercises.The factsheets provide information on the membership, terms of reference, funding and governance of the systems, and details of the detection and monitoring networks, earthquake source zones monitored and summaries of the bulletins issued by the Tsunami Service Providers for each region.

 

To view the factsheets click on the images below.

 

       CARIBE-EWS                  IOTWS                     NEAMTWS                    PTWS
Factsheet CARIBE EWSFactsheet IOTWSFactsheet NEAMTWSFactsheet PTWS
 

Éxito de la cooperación en la reducción del riesgo de desastres (2010-2015) entre la Oficina de Ayuda Humanitaria de la Comisión Europea (ECHO) y la UNESCO.


La cooperación entre la UNESCO y la Oficina de Ayuda Humanitaria de la Comisión Europea (ECHO) se ha desarrollado significativamente desde que la UNESCO comenzó a participar en las convocatorias Programa de Preparación ante Desastres del Departamento de Ayuda Humanitaria de la Comisión Europea (DIPECHO) y el Programa de Prevención y Preparación (Protección Civil), que está dirigido a las comunidades vulnerables que viven en las principales regiones propensas a los desastres del mundo.

La Oficina Regional de la UNESCO para la Educación en América Latina y el Caribe con sede en Santiago de Chile ha realizado con éxito varias iniciativas, comenzando con el proyecto "Mecanismos de aprendizaje adaptativos para la prevención y respuesta a los tsunamis en las comunidades vulnerables de Chile, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú "(2009-2010) en el marco del quinto Plan de Acción DIPECHO, de Sudamérica. En esa iniciativa también participó la Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental de la UNESCO (COI), así como socios locales, nacionales y regionales.

El objetivo principal de este proyecto fue crear conciencia y promover la educación para la reducción del riesgo de desastres y la participación en la prevención y respuesta a los tsunamis y terremotos. Además, el proyecto se orientó a mejorar la cooperación regional e interinstitucional y la coordinación en la preparación para los tsunamis, incluida la integración de un enfoque de gestión de riesgos en el sector de la educación.

En el marco de esa iniciativa y entre otros productos principales, manuales escolares de reducción del riesgo de desastres y de tsunami se desarrollaron en Colombia, Chile, Ecuador y Perú.

En Centroamérica, la Oficina de la UNESCO en San José llevó a cabo el proyecto "Fortalecimiento de los Sistemas de Alerta Temprana en América Central desde una perspectiva multi-amenaza" (2011-2012) en el marco del séptimo Plan de Acción DIPECHO para Centroamérica, incluyendo Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala , Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá. A diferencia de los principales eventos de desastres que atraen la atención mundial, la región también se ve afectada por eventos de menor intensidad o "silenciosos": inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierra, y períodos de clima frío anómalo y de sequía, que causan impacto nacional e internacional limitado, pero que desestabilizan seriamente las economías locales de las zonas afectadas, lo que agrava las condiciones de pobreza de los más vulnerables.

En el Caribe, como parte del proceso de construcción de la capacidad del sistema de alerta temprana en Haití, la Oficina de la UNESCO en Haití junto con la COI, en el marco del proyecto "Consolidación de la capacidad de Haití para alerta temprana y preparación ante tsunamis" (2013-2014) ha organizado varios talleres que posibilitaron SIMEXs (ejercicios de simulación) de tsunami a gran escala, con miles de participantes, especialmente de las escuelas ubicadas en zonas propensas a los tsunamis. Estas actividades incluyeron la Policía Nacional de Haití (Policía Nacional), la MINUSTAH (Misión de las Naciones Unidas para el Mantenimiento de la Paz) y muchos otros socios.

En República Dominicana conjuntamente con el Programa de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas (PNUD), la UNESCO y la COI realizaron el proyecto DIPECHO "instituciones nacionales preparados y comunidades resistentes a los terremotos y tsunamis en entornos urbanos en la provincia de Puerto Plata". (2013-2014). El proyecto se basa en la experiencia y las lecciones aprendidas en América del Sur y Haití.

DG ECHO también apoyó la creación del Centro de Información sobre los Tsunamis para el Atlántico Nororiental y el Mediterráneo y mares conectados (NEAMTIC). Los objetivos específicos del proyecto NEAMTIC eran para que los ciudadanos, especialmente los jóvenes, sean conscientes de los riesgos de las inundaciones del mar en las zonas costeras (tsunamis, tormentas, y fuerte oleaje) con el fin de adquirir los conocimientos y la práctica de una conducta segura, para identificar, compartir y difundir las buenas prácticas, planes, métodos y procedimientos, para fortalecer la preparación para los peligros relacionados con el nivel del mar, incluyendo la mitigación a través de la gestión integrada de zonas costeras, y finalmente el favorecer los vínculos entre la Comisión Europea y la COI sobre las acciones intergubernamentales y transnacionales para desarrollar el Sistema de Alerta Temprana contra los Tsunamis y Atenuación de sus Efectos en el Atlántico Nororiental y el Mediterráneo y Mares Adyacentes (NEAMTWS).

En 2014 la DG ECHO co-financió la organización del segundo ejercicio de tsunami para la región NEAM, NEAMWave14. NEAMWave14 implicó la simulación de la evaluación de un tsunami, generado en base a un escenario de terremoto y seguido por la difusión de mensajes de alerta por los Proveedores de Servicios de Tsunami, y la simulación de las acciones de las autoridades de protección civil. Además, tan pronto como el mensaje producido fue recibido por el Centro de Coordinación de Respuesta de Emergencia (ERCC) de la Comisión Europea la simulación continuó a nivel internacional con la activación del Mecanismo de Protección Civil de la Unión (CPM). NEAMWave 14 ofreció una excelente oportunidad para que los países no europeos probaran el CPM de la Unión Europea y entendieran su funcionamiento. En total sólo 5 países participaron en esta fase del ejercicio: Chipre, Egipto, Israel, Italia y Malta, requiriendo asistencia internacional, y España ofreciendo asistencia internacional.

En total, entre 2010 y 2015 la UNESCO y ECHO han puesto en ejecución hasta ahora aproximadamente € 4 millones en la construcción de la capacidad de recuperación y preparación a nivel comunitario y en la construcción de políticas nacionales para sistemas de alerta temprana eficaces y sostenibles y herramientas educativas de reducción de riesgos. En Colombia, Chile, República Dominicana, Ecuador y Perú se han desarrollado Manuales escolares. Decenas de miles de niños en edad escolar han participado en ejercicios y se ha proporcionado capacitación a cientos de empleados nacionales.

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